Bushwick Center For Rehabilitation And Healthcare Essay

Bushwick Center for Rehabilitation and Healthcare The Facility The Bushwick Center is a skilled nursing facility (SNF). It is both rehabilitation and nursing facility. Clients typically get occupational and physical therapy services in the facility. Other support services include social services, medical, and dietary/nutrition. Fieldwork Assignment Bushwick Center has a recreational therapy department. I was assigned to that department for my level 1 fieldwork. The activities director together with several recreational therapist staff members runs the department. The main focus of the department is engage clients in meaningful and leisurely activities within their stay. They have daily activities scheduled and spread throughout the week. The activities calendar is updated every month. I was a student volunteer for the department and the scope of our volunteer work was to assist staff members when they have an activity scheduled during the day. Playing movies, listening to different kinds of music, coffee/ tea time, celebrating important events throughout the year are routine activities that they do in the department to help clients engage in social events. The recreation department also gives clients the opportunity to participate in arts and crafts. Majority of the clients in the recreation department pre fers to engage in arts and crafts. Currently, there are no occupational therapy practitioners in the recreation department. This is a really good area to explore

A Chronicle of the Plague Free Essays

The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague by Johannes Nohl (1882–1963) is an illustrative book that traces down the flux of plague and its effects in Europe over the centuries. It examines this malady from historical and sociological perspective. The major contribution of Johannes Nohl is that he does not rely on secondary sources but has researched the contemporary chronicles to locate the pathos and miseries that this epidemic afflicted on the populations of Europe over the centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on A Chronicle of the Plague or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scope of work is both intensive and extensive as he has provided an in-depth study that encompasses four centuries (1337-1720) and a vast geographical area from Western Europe to Russia and from Nordic ice-burgs to the Mediterranean Sea. In addition to being a historian, Johannes Nohl was also a psychoanalyst. So The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague is not a mere chronicle of the plague its effects but also it further analyzes the socio-cultural, psychological and economic effects of this epidemics on the whole European civilization that persist in certain societies hitherto. It beautifully blends the comprehensive accounts of the pandemic that caused almost 40 million deaths a single century during the fourteenth century alone with durable socio-cultural impact. The book also locates that how people countered these epidemics and what practical measures were adopted to tackle the problem at large scale. Nohl illustrate that Black Death changed the patterns of life and affected all facets of culture as people migrated from one geographical location to the other to escape themselves from this epidemic. First two chapters, The Aspect of the Plague and The Precursors of the Plague describe the nature of plague as it was understood by the contemporary societies. Nohl has explored through contemporary chronicles that Plague was considered a celestial phenomenon as plague use to visit the European societies sporadically in the form of a natural disaster. Furthermore, Nohl explores that most usual route of these epidemics were from India to Central Asia and then to Europe through trade groups and in Europe it used to spread along with waterways in the shape of a natural catastrophe. In the next two chapters The Medical Profession and Plague Remedies, Nohl discovers the available medical remedies in the medieval societies and how medical professionals reacted to it. Contemporary chironicles suggest that mostly people used to rely on religious conviction and pilgrimages rather than visiting a doctor. Most medical treatment was based on plant extracts. Availability and affordability of medicines were another problem due to mass scale spread and impact of the disease. Nohl looks into the various other socio-political aspects of the epidemic. For example, aadministrative precautions mostly included individual and group exclusion from the community of the hale and hearty. A systematic effort in this regards was not possible as plague used to erupt abruptly, so it was administered intermittently. Nohl has not only provided the official and royal manuscripts and chronicles but to present the conditions and miseries of the general public, he has included chronicles of travelers, contemporary historians. These clearly manifest that plague had different effects of different social classes and each class was treated in a different way both socially and administratively. In addition to socio-cultural and political effects, epidemic of plague had cast their disturbing impact on the worldview Christian community. Church responded in its own way to the pandemic. The Church labeled it as a reaction of sins and their only remedy was ritualistic deliverance that would purge the sins. So ritualistic practices were used to organize at the individual and collective level. Some other Christian followers were of the view that world is overtaken by the evil as Divinity itself was a friend of mankind and how it could afflict it with such pathos and miseries. Another section of orthodox sect, The Luciferians were of the view that God had toppled down Lucifer, their lord, and had taken over heaven. So this is a natural response of this tragedy. (Nohl 1924, 161-163). Some other compared the disease as an Arial and celestial phenomenon that was beyond the strength and capacity of mankind. This view was further reinforced by the fact that prior to the Black Death, in 1117, the eruption of plague was coincided with a cosmic phenomenon that medieval mind was unable to comprehend. Nohl states in this regard that In 1117, in January, a comet passed like a fiery army from North toward the orient, the moon was o’ercast blood-red in an eclipse, a year later a light appeared more brilliant than the sun,. This was followed by great cold, famine and plague, of which one-third of the humanity have said to have perished. Nohl further describes same coincidences in 1568, 1582 and 1606 when Netherlands, Prague and Vienna were badly affected with plague. This shaped the general mentality that plague is an extra human phenomenon and mankind had no control over it. The social fabric of the whole European society was transformed by these notions and beliefs. Nohl depicts that beside human causalities, first social causality was breakdown of social order. There was â€Å"an incapacity to believe that so uncanny a disease as the plague could be attributable to natural causes† which led â€Å"the fateful misconception of [its] artificial production† (Nohl 171). This belief molded their worldview and they become more recluse and a believers in the fictitious remedial rituals. Nohl also illustrates an interesting but tragic fact that plague was intentionally passed on to others. He located the motive for this deliberate infection as infectants did not want to undergo the agonies alone. Furthermore, it was common belief that one could liberate oneself of his contagion by transmitting it to others (Nohl 171). Nohl also provides evidences when someone infected his/her rival or enemy due to sheer malice and enmity. Sometime, Lutherans were blamed for this curse but more often Jews were labeled as propellants of this deadly disease. So they were persecuted on mass level to purge the society from this malady but it is a fact that Jews used running streams for their sanitary purposes unlike Christian who used contaminated public wells that were often a prime cause for dispersal of various diseases. Toward end, the book has an interesting chapter, The Erotic Element in the Plague that relation sexuality with deadly disease. This book covers all aspects of Black Death pertaining to the contemporary medieval societies and all these are supported with the contemporary chronicles. It not only provides a synopsis of whole epidemic history but provides an in-depth analysis of the entire phenomenon. References Nohl, Johannes. 1924. The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague. Translated by C. H. Clarke. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers. How to cite A Chronicle of the Plague, Papers

A Chronicle of the Plague Free Essays

The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague by Johannes Nohl (1882–1963) is an illustrative book that traces down the flux of plague and its effects in Europe over the centuries. It examines this malady from historical and sociological perspective. The major contribution of Johannes Nohl is that he does not rely on secondary sources but has researched the contemporary chronicles to locate the pathos and miseries that this epidemic afflicted on the populations of Europe over the centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on A Chronicle of the Plague or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scope of work is both intensive and extensive as he has provided an in-depth study that encompasses four centuries (1337-1720) and a vast geographical area from Western Europe to Russia and from Nordic ice-burgs to the Mediterranean Sea. In addition to being a historian, Johannes Nohl was also a psychoanalyst. So The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague is not a mere chronicle of the plague its effects but also it further analyzes the socio-cultural, psychological and economic effects of this epidemics on the whole European civilization that persist in certain societies hitherto. It beautifully blends the comprehensive accounts of the pandemic that caused almost 40 million deaths a single century during the fourteenth century alone with durable socio-cultural impact. The book also locates that how people countered these epidemics and what practical measures were adopted to tackle the problem at large scale. Nohl illustrate that Black Death changed the patterns of life and affected all facets of culture as people migrated from one geographical location to the other to escape themselves from this epidemic. First two chapters, The Aspect of the Plague and The Precursors of the Plague describe the nature of plague as it was understood by the contemporary societies. Nohl has explored through contemporary chronicles that Plague was considered a celestial phenomenon as plague use to visit the European societies sporadically in the form of a natural disaster. Furthermore, Nohl explores that most usual route of these epidemics were from India to Central Asia and then to Europe through trade groups and in Europe it used to spread along with waterways in the shape of a natural catastrophe. In the next two chapters The Medical Profession and Plague Remedies, Nohl discovers the available medical remedies in the medieval societies and how medical professionals reacted to it. Contemporary chironicles suggest that mostly people used to rely on religious conviction and pilgrimages rather than visiting a doctor. Most medical treatment was based on plant extracts. Availability and affordability of medicines were another problem due to mass scale spread and impact of the disease. Nohl looks into the various other socio-political aspects of the epidemic. For example, aadministrative precautions mostly included individual and group exclusion from the community of the hale and hearty. A systematic effort in this regards was not possible as plague used to erupt abruptly, so it was administered intermittently. Nohl has not only provided the official and royal manuscripts and chronicles but to present the conditions and miseries of the general public, he has included chronicles of travelers, contemporary historians. These clearly manifest that plague had different effects of different social classes and each class was treated in a different way both socially and administratively. In addition to socio-cultural and political effects, epidemic of plague had cast their disturbing impact on the worldview Christian community. Church responded in its own way to the pandemic. The Church labeled it as a reaction of sins and their only remedy was ritualistic deliverance that would purge the sins. So ritualistic practices were used to organize at the individual and collective level. Some other Christian followers were of the view that world is overtaken by the evil as Divinity itself was a friend of mankind and how it could afflict it with such pathos and miseries. Another section of orthodox sect, The Luciferians were of the view that God had toppled down Lucifer, their lord, and had taken over heaven. So this is a natural response of this tragedy. (Nohl 1924, 161-163). Some other compared the disease as an Arial and celestial phenomenon that was beyond the strength and capacity of mankind. This view was further reinforced by the fact that prior to the Black Death, in 1117, the eruption of plague was coincided with a cosmic phenomenon that medieval mind was unable to comprehend. Nohl states in this regard that In 1117, in January, a comet passed like a fiery army from North toward the orient, the moon was o’ercast blood-red in an eclipse, a year later a light appeared more brilliant than the sun,. This was followed by great cold, famine and plague, of which one-third of the humanity have said to have perished. Nohl further describes same coincidences in 1568, 1582 and 1606 when Netherlands, Prague and Vienna were badly affected with plague. This shaped the general mentality that plague is an extra human phenomenon and mankind had no control over it. The social fabric of the whole European society was transformed by these notions and beliefs. Nohl depicts that beside human causalities, first social causality was breakdown of social order. There was â€Å"an incapacity to believe that so uncanny a disease as the plague could be attributable to natural causes† which led â€Å"the fateful misconception of [its] artificial production† (Nohl 171). This belief molded their worldview and they become more recluse and a believers in the fictitious remedial rituals. Nohl also illustrates an interesting but tragic fact that plague was intentionally passed on to others. He located the motive for this deliberate infection as infectants did not want to undergo the agonies alone. Furthermore, it was common belief that one could liberate oneself of his contagion by transmitting it to others (Nohl 171). Nohl also provides evidences when someone infected his/her rival or enemy due to sheer malice and enmity. Sometime, Lutherans were blamed for this curse but more often Jews were labeled as propellants of this deadly disease. So they were persecuted on mass level to purge the society from this malady but it is a fact that Jews used running streams for their sanitary purposes unlike Christian who used contaminated public wells that were often a prime cause for dispersal of various diseases. Toward end, the book has an interesting chapter, The Erotic Element in the Plague that relation sexuality with deadly disease. This book covers all aspects of Black Death pertaining to the contemporary medieval societies and all these are supported with the contemporary chronicles. It not only provides a synopsis of whole epidemic history but provides an in-depth analysis of the entire phenomenon. References Nohl, Johannes. 1924. The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague. Translated by C. H. Clarke. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers. How to cite A Chronicle of the Plague, Papers

Supply Chain Management Practice of Ikea †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Management Practice of Ikea. Answer: Overview Of The Case Supply chain management is regarded as the process of managing all interrelated business activities through which flow of goods and services are managed. Further, it is considered as the chain through which products are purchased for production purpose and ultimately it reaches to the target markets who are the ultimate buyers(Waters Rinsler, 2014). For every type of business operating in the market, it is necessary to manage its supply chain in an effective manner so that right kind of good can be offered to the customer as per their expectation. The present report is based on analyzingsupply chain management practice of Ikea where the company has 27 trading offices in 23 countries, 15 customer distribution centers and 33 distribution centers. The Company is headquartered in Netherlands that is indulged into the practice of designing and selling ready to assemble furniture, home accessories and kitchen appliances. The environment where Ikea operates is highly competitive, and its main competitors are online and retail furniture stores(Sandybayev, 2017). The main focus of the organization is on offering the wide range of products that are of high quality. Considering the supply chain practice of Ikea, it undertakes different stages and involves primary, secondary and tertiary sectors that are involved in procurement of raw material, production, distribution, retail sales, etc. Competitive Strategy Of Ikea Considering the supply chain practice of Ikea where operations are carried out with the help of three different stages that involves primary, secondary and tertiary. Through effectivemanagement of supply chain, the key goal of business is to ensure customer satisfaction and providing them remarkable purchase experience. In the stores of Ikea different products are available where they can easily choose the best product that meets with their requirement. The packaging of the product is also done in the different manner that contains instructions and all the necessary information regarding products. Along with this additional facilities are provided to the customers that involve children play area, food court, mini cinema, etc(Jonsson, Rudberg, Holmberg, 2013). This strategy allows the company to influence purchase behavior of its customers. The key competitive strategy undertaken by Ikea is product diversification and cost leadership which has been considered with the help of its supply chain practice. The company strongly focuses on decreasing cost of production with the help of reducing wastage, decreasing operational error, integration of stakeholders, etc. Apart from this product diversification as one of the strategy is also employed where with the help of innovation new furniture items are developed. So, this competitive strategy has allowed the company to deal with the issue of competition prevailing in the market(Stadtler, 2015). Supply chain practice of Ikea starts with sales and demand planning followed by marketing planning and supplier capacity and load planning. All these activities are undertaken with the motive to provide proper convenience to the target market, and it has enhanced the overall performance of Ikea in the market. Key Points Of Ikea Supply Chain Above shown is the supply chain of Ikea that highlights the key activities involving central planning, distribution services, and retail. The suppliers of the company are present in 50 countries, and Ikea has developed the strong relationship with them through trust, transparency and another form of aspects(Sezen, 2008). The key points associated with the supply chain practice of Ikea are as follows: Purchasing and logistics activities are integrated within the business Segregation of the process into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors that is engaged into production, distribution, raw material and retail sales to the end customers. Emphasize on key aspects such as sustainability and quality, affordability, accessibility etc. At the time of dealing with partners main stress is on efficient production and working a lot to reduce logistics cost(Mangan Lalwani, 2016). Raw materials are sourced from the suppliers in the market at lowest price. Suppliers adhere to the IWAY code through which quality standards are met by the company. Adoption of automated system to manage inventory and this leads to efficient utilization of the main resources of the business. Activities that are associated with the order fulfillment process are carried out by Ikea range and supply where main tasks are plan, source, make, deliver, return and enable Ikea relies on e-wheel tool with the motive to evaluate the environmental impact of its products. Around 50% of Ikea 9,500 products are manufactured with the help of wood or wood fibers. This is one of the most effective resource form sustainability point of view(Lockamy III McCormack, 2004) Many designs of the products are developed by the company where the main motive behind the same is to reduce the use of materials. For instance some tables are manufactured with the help of recycled plastic etc. Stores of the company add value to the produced goods and this allows in providing remarkable experience to the customers in every possible manner. So, these are some of the key highlights of the Ikeas supply chain that makes it different from other companies operating in the market. How Company Delivers Value In order to deliver remarkable value to the customers, various strategies have been employed by Ikea. For determining the level of customer satisfaction, various aspects are undertaken by the company such as returned products, number of products and the recommendations received from the customers(Jacobs, Chase, Lummus, 2011). The company delivers value by providing proper assistance to the target market in the form of facilities such as food court, mini area, supervised children play area, etc. This supports in providing the high level of experience to the customers in every possible manner and enhances company performance. Apart from this, packaging of the products is done conveniently through self-assembly flat packs that contain necessary instructions. The main strategies of the company involve cost leadership and product diversification. This is the main reason due to which majority of the customers are highly satisfied with the product range of Ikea and in turn company is able to gain the competitive edge through this(Halldrsson, Kotzab, Skjtt-Larsen, 2009). The actual value is delivered to the target market with the help of high-quality product of different designs that are manufactured with the help of advanced technology. So, these are some of the key methods employed by Ikea in order to deliver value to the target market. Order Processing Strategy Of Ikea The order processing strategy of Ikea takes into consideration various tasks that are carried out by Ikea. The plan is the first stage where Ikea identifies the production requirement as per demand for its products in the market and determining the relevant cost along with the logistics required. Next crucial stage is the source where company orders the raw materials required from different suppliers(Ganesan, George, Jap, Palmatier, Weitz, 2009). Make is the next stage where the resources present are allocated in the production process where manufacturing takes place in line with the quality along with the quantity requirement. Further, deliver is another stage where large numbers of distribution processes are undertaken with the motive to deliver products to the sales outlets, storage units to the end customers(Ayers, 2006). Return is another stage where customers are provided warranty for the products they purchase. In case if any product has any default then it is possible for them to return the goods and through this company provides them appropriate convenience. At last is the enable stage where integration of all the members in the supply chainmanagement process takes place, and it is ensured whether IWAY code is appropriately followed or not(Chopra Meindl, 2007). All the staff members are involved in the innovation process, and this contributes a lot to the success of the enterprise. These are some of the key stages of the ordering process of Ikea through which company is able to deliver appropriate products to the target market and has allowed performing better as compared with other companies operating in the market. Summary Of The Case And Recommendation The entire case has supported in knowing about the supply chain management practices of Ikea that are quite effective. The key stages such as primary, secondary and tertiary are effective through which right kind of product is delivered to the target market. Apart from this, for delivering high value to the target market additional facilities are rendered to the customers such as mini cinema, children play area etc. Further, company welcomes suggestions from its customers that are associated with the product development. Moreover, some effective ways are present through which Ikea can improve its supply chain practice and they are as follows: Ikea supply chain strategy must be more flexible so that it is possible to change its supply chain practices frequently and in lesser period of time. Heavy reliance must be on advanced tools and techniques so that efficient production can be carried out that can save cost and in turn product of unique design can be developed easily which is beneficial for the company and customers also. A Large number of factors are present that influences supply chain strategy of Ikea and it is necessary for the company to ensure well in advance that all the influencing factors are well maintained and satisfied too. References Ayers, J. B. (2006). Handbook of supply chain management. Florida: CRC Press. Chopra, S., Meindl, P. (2007). Supply chain management. Strategy, planning operation. Das summa summarum des management , 265-275. Ganesan, S., George, M., Jap, S., Palmatier, R. W., Weitz, B. (2009). Supply chain management and retailer performance: emerging trends, issues, and implications for research and practice. Journal of Retailing, , 84-94. Halldrsson, ., Kotzab, H., Skjtt-Larsen, T. (2009). Supply chain management on the crossroad to sustainability: a blessing or a curse?. . Logistics Research , 83-94. Jacobs, F. R., Chase, R. B., Lummus, R. R. (2011). Operations and supply chain management . New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Jonsson, P., Rudberg, M., Holmberg, S. (2013). Centralised supply chain planning at IKEA. . Supply Chain Management: An International Journal , 337-350. Lockamy III, A., McCormack, K. (2004). The development of a supply chain management process maturity model using the concepts of business process orientation. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, , 272-278. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C. (2016). Global logistics and supply chain management. New jersey: John Wiley Sons. Sandybayev, A. (2017). Strategic Supply Chain Management Implementation: Case Study of IKEA. Noble International Journal of Business and Management Research , 5-9. Sezen, B. (2008). Relative effects of design, integration and information sharing on supply chain performance. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal , 233-240. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. In Supply chain management and advanced planning (pp. 3-28). Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Waters, D., Rinsler, S. (2014). Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. London: Kogan Page Publishers.

Elasticity Essay Research Paper IntroductionElasticity is the free essay sample

Elasticity Essay, Research Paper Introduction Elasticity is the reactivity of demand or supply to the alterations in monetary values or income. There are assorted expressions and guidelines to follow when seeking to cipher these responses. For case, when the per centum of alteration of the measure demanded is greater so the per centum alteration in monetary value, the demand is known to be monetary value elastic. On the other manus, if the per centum alteration in demand is less than so the per centum alteration in monetary value, Like that of demand, supply plants in a similar manner. When the per centum alteration of measure supplied is greater than the per centum alteration in monetary value, supply is know to be elastic. When the per centum alteration of measure supplied is less so the per centum alteration in monetary value, so the supply so demand is known to be monetary value inelastic. The undermentioned text is existent universe illustrations of these economic rules. They have been provided to construct a span between current economic state of affairss and economic rules of snap. The Demand for Lotto: The Role of Conscious Selection In this article is a treatment about the snap of demand for lottery tickets. Time series informations was used in a manner in which the expected value of the lottery ticket would change due to rollovers ( Farrel 1 ) . It was found that there are far more rollovers than expected given the lottery design ( Farrel 1 ) . There was besides some strong grounds found that supported that persons did non pick their Numberss in a unvarying affair. The reverse supply map was found by utilizing estimations that enabled them to place the demand snap ( Farrel 1 ) . This analysis was based on the U.K. National Lottery that came about November 1994. With this in head we realize that because game designs are similar throughout the universe, these findings are more widely relevant ( Farrel 1 ) . The monetary value snap of demand for lottery tickets shows that demand varies depending on the expected return from a winning ticket ( Farrel 1 ) . From this we deduce that this snap is relevant to the design of the lottery ( Farrel 1 ) . The manner that the demand snap is derived is by comparing the rollover hebdomads with the non-rollover hebdomads. By making this, the normal demand is recorded during the non-rollover hebdomads to see what level the demand is normally at. Then from at that place they can see how the demand increases as the lottery rolls over. Depending on rollovers for this survey poses a job. Rollovers should happen infrequently go forthing the opportunity of non holding adequate discrepancy in the informations to make a dependable estimation ( Farrel 2 ) . However, one of the surprising inside informations of the information is that rollovers occurred more on a regular basis so if it was generated by # 8220 ; statistical opportunity # 8221 ; ( Farrel 2 ) . What this means to the U.K. lottery is that when ticket gross revenues are at their average degree of 65 million with a 6-ball lottery ; there is a one per centum opportunity of rollover. Bing that a high rollover rate is common in to all lotto games, the U.K. lottery yielded 19 rollovers from the 116 draws that were studied ( Farrel 2 ) . The ground for this high rate of rollovers is that the people that are taking the Numberss are taking them in a non-uniform manner. This means that they cover a smaller scope of combinations with their Numberss. This besides helps in explicating why when person does win there is normally more than one victor ( Farrel 2 ) . The Elasticity of Demand for Lotto Tickets And the Corresponding Welfare Effectss This article did a survey utilizing the first 254 hebdomads of the Florida Lottery. The survey shows grounds of the Florida Lottery monetary value snap being close integrity. This happens when using a step of bingo ticket monetary value that is superior to that used by others ( Mason 1 ) . From these consequences it may be, in comparing to other provinces, that Florida has room to increase the odds to increase the monetary value snap of demand to the revenue-maximizing degree ( Mason 1 ) . Price Elasticity of Demand and an Optimum Cash Discount Rate in Credit Policy The proviso of a hard currency price reduction in puting up recognition footings is tantamount to a decrease in monetary value. By and large, it is assumed that when a hard currency price reduction is administered it will ensue in a higher degree of gross revenues. This premise is merely consistent with monetary value elastic demand ( Rashid 1 ) . If the demand of a merchandise is deemed monetary value inelastic, so a hard currency price reduction will take down gross revenues ( Rashid 1 ) . # 8220 ; Frantz Viscione ( 1976 ) , in a study of over 100 U.S. fabrication houses, show that the debut ( and in some instances the riddance ) of a hard currency price reduction led to more ( or less ) net incomes for some houses, less ( or more ) net incomes for some other houses and no alteration in profitableness for the leftover houses. These findings are consistent with the differential effects of the hard currency price reduction in state of affairss of elastic, inelastic, and unitary elas tic demand ( Rashid 1 ) . # 8221 ; When lookin g at the instance of either elastic or inelastic demand, the proviso a hard currency price reduction adds another benefit ( cost ) to be considered during the analysis of the finding of an optimum hard currency price reduction rate ( Rashid 1 ) . Regardless, there is still a degree of inelasticity where all the fringy additions from a hard currency price reduction are precisely outweighed ( Rashid 1 ) . Price snap may differ from one geographical location to the following. Hotch, Kim, Montgomery, and Rossi ( 1995 ) did a survey that estimated the # 8220 ; shop specific monetary value snaps of demand # 8221 ; for a concatenation of about 85 supermarkets ( Rashid 1 ) . Among the findings of this survey was that they found eleven demographic and competitory variables. These 11 variables helped to explicate around 60 seven per centum of the fluctuations in snap ( Rashid 2 ) . From these it happening it is said that if a shop is holding different monetary value snaps for a merchandise in different locations, that it should put different hard currency price reductions consequently. Estimating Price Elasticities with Theory-based Priors Price snap can be improved in demand systems that involve multiple trade names and multiple shops. # 8220 ; They treat these demand theoretical accounts in a hierarchal Bayesian model ( Montgomery 1 ) . # 8221 ; Montgomery uses anterior information based on the limitations imposed by linear public-service corporation theoretical accounts. To explicate linear public-service corporation approaches farther, monetary value snaps are driven by a general permutation parametric quantity every bit good as brand-specific outgo snaps ( Montgomery 1 ) . Along with the linear public-service corporation attack, Montgomery besides used a differential shrinking attack. Differential shrinking is when the monetary value snaps are held near to limitations of the linear public-service corporation theory and # 8220 ; store-to-store fluctuation is accommodated through differences in outgo elasticities. # 8221 ; After using these new methods, Montgomery found that there were drastic betterments over t he bing Bayesian and non-Bayesian methods ( Montgomery 1 ) . The Detailed scanner informations and pricing conditions have been made available for about every type of consumer-packaged good and all major retail formats. What does this make? It makes it possible to analyse and analyze the market construction, trade name competition, and elasticity-based attacks to optimum pricing. ( Montgomery 1 ) . After analyses on the appraisal of a demand system and the associated monetary value snaps, single shops or groups of shops can exhibit micro-pricing. This is when the person shops or the groups of shops charge different monetary values to work differences in consumer monetary value sensitiveness ( Montgomery 2 ) . Regardless of the efforts of a quantitative demand-based attack to pricing issues, it is still distant from to the full ciphering the monetary value that creates the best demand snap. This is because it is hard to acquire sensible monetary value snap estimations. Conclusion/Summary There are many different types of snaps. They can be found in merely about every retail shop. With this in head, we note that there are new and old methodological analysiss to analyze, analyse, and estimation relevant monetary value snaps. This paper was an gateway to seeing how some surveies and economic research has been taking topographic point and where. I found some of the surveies to be fiddling. This significance that the writers used originative techniques to calculate and gauge some of the snaps. I besides found it interesting how I could associate to the existent life state of affairss such as the Lottery. For illustration, when the lottery starts turn overing over it creates a ballyhoo, and the demand goes up. I was ever cognizant of this phenomenon but neer realized what it really was. Bibliography Work Cited Farrell, Lisa ; Hartley, Roger ; Lanot, Gauthier ; Walker, Ian The Demand for Lotto: The Role of Conscious Selection, Journal of Business A ; Economic Statistics, Apr2000, Vol. 18 Issue 2. Mason, Paul M. ; Steagall, Jeffrey W. , The snap of demand for lotto tickets and the corresponding public assistance effects. , Public Finance Review, Sep97, Vol. 25, Issue 5. Rashid, Muhammad ; Mitra, Devashis, Price Elasticity of Demand and an Optimum Cash Discount Rate in Credit Policy, Financial Review, Aug99, Vol. 34 Issue. Montgomery, Alan L. ; Rossi, Peter E. , Estimating Price Elasticities with Theory-based Priors, Journal of Marketing Research, Nov99, Vol. 36 Issue 4. Table of Contentss Introduction 1 The Demand for Lotto: The Role of Conscious Selection 1 The Elasticity of Demand for Lotto Tickets And the Matching Welfare Effects 3 Demand and an Optimum Cash Discount Rate in Credit Policy 4 Estimating Price Elasticities with Theory-based Priors 5 Conclusion/Summary 7 Work Cited 8

Begum Surname Meaning and Family History

Begum Surname Meaning and Family History Begum is a Muslim honorific title for, or means of addressing, a respectable lady. It did not originally develop as a surname, but over time has been adopted as a last name by many unmarried women, especially in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Begum is quickly becoming a fairly common surname in America and England. A frequency map created by James Cheshire in 2012 puts Begum as the most popular surname in Londons  Tower Hamlets and south Camden neighborhoods. Surname Origin:  Muslim Alternate Surname Spellings:  BAIGUM, BEGAM Famous People With the Begum Last Name Hamida Banu Begum - Wife of the  second Mughal Emperor, Humayun, and mother of Mughal Emperor, Akbar.Mehnaz Begum - Pakistani singerFatma Begum -  Indias first female film directorAmeena Begum - Wife of Sufi master, Inayat Khan Where Is the Begum Surname Most Common? The last name Begum  is the 191st most common surname in the world, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears. It is most prevalent in India, where it ranks as the 37th most common last name, followed by Bangladesh (50th) and Fiji (92nd). Within India, the name is most prevalent in  Telangana, where it is the most common surname, followed by  Jammu and Kashmir, Pondicherry, Assam, and Delhi. WorldNames PublicProfiler  does not include surname data from India, but within Europe Begum is found most frequently in West Midlands, Yorkshire and Humberside, South East, North East and East Midlands, England. The name is also fairly common in Oslo, Norway. Genealogy Resources for the Surname BEGUM Begum Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Begum family crest or coat of arms for the Begum surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - BEGUM GenealogyExplore over 340,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Begum surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Begum RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Begum surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Begum Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Begum surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Ancestry.com: Begum SurnameExplore over 260,000  digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Begum surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. References: Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997

Alcohol-Related Car Accident R essays

Alcohol-Related Car Accident R essays The success of the M.A.D.D. and S.A.D.D. prevention programs has had a decreasing effect on drinking and driving. At the same time, however the car accident alcohol-related death rate of middle age people is still on a rise. Despite significant reductions in the amount of the alcohol-crash problem, drinking and driving continues to present a major threat to the safety of all road users. About one third of deaths among people between the ages of 15 to 24 are the results of motor vehicle-related crashes. Studies have been done in high schools nationwide on the patterns of alcohol use. These studies have reported that 17 percent of students have participated in drinking and driving one or more times. The odds of drinking and driving have increased 2.5-fold to 14-fold while incidents of drinking rose from 3 to 5 times per month to more than 20 times when compared with drinking on one or more occasions. In a similar manner, the odds rose two-fold to twelve-fold as the number of days of drinking rose five to more drinks per incident. These incidents went from once or twice per month to more than 10 days per month when compared with no binge drinking incidents. The studies also showed that students who used other drugs in addition to alcohol were 1.7 times as likely to drink and drive as students who only used alcohol. Today, a large portion of the problem, dealing with alcohol-related accidents, includes a relatively small group of persistent drunk drivers refereed to as hard-core offenders. These hard-core offenders have become widely known as one of the important portions of the drinking-driving problem. This portion has been categorized as repeatedly driving after drinking with a blood alcohol concentration of 150-200 percent or more, and has no thought on changing their behavior. Hard-core drunk drivers are proven to be mostly male and are likely to be between the ages of ...